What is a biofilm & plaque?

Biofilm—often colloquially called "plaque"—is a thin film of saliva components, food debris, and microorganisms that forms on teeth and gum surfaces. An intact biofilm with a balanced mix of beneficial and neutral microbes can be harmless or even protective. Problems arise when this balance is disrupted: Pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria then colonize the biofilm, it thickens, and it can lead to gum inflammation (gingivitis) or further damage to the periodontium.

Why is protection important?

If plaque isn't removed for too long, it hardens and can form tartar. The rough tartar bed provides ideal surfaces for bacteria to adhere to – creating a breeding ground for chronic inflammation. Such inflammation not only affects the mouth and teeth but can also have systemic effects via the gums. A stable, healthy biofilm is therefore a cornerstone of dental and gum health.

Science explained briefly

In a healthy mouth, hundreds of types of bacteria live in balance. In dysbiosis—that is, an imbalance—certain bacteria multiply disproportionately, colonize preferred areas, and form a dense, pathogenic biofilm. This protects the harmful germs from the immune system and prevents the toothbrush or saliva from reliably removing them.

Traditional approaches like broad-spectrum antiseptics or antibiotics often act non-specifically—they eliminate not only harmful but also beneficial microbes. While this may suppress inflammation in the short term, it can disrupt the balance of the oral flora in the long run and increase the risk of recurring problems. Modern approaches, therefore, focus on targeted microbiome modulation: They aim to block pathogenic mechanisms—instead of simply killing everything. This preserves the natural protective community and reduces the risk of inflammation.

What can you do for prevention?

• Clean your teeth and interdental spaces regularly — this will disrupt dense biofilm and prevent hardening.
• If possible, use microbiome-friendly skincare products that specifically target harmful bacteria instead of destroying them all.
• Have your teeth professionally cleaned (PZR) regularly – especially in areas that are difficult to reach with a toothbrush or brush.
• Avoid aggressive rinsing immediately after cleaning – this keeps a protective layer active and allows the microbiome to stabilize.
• Pay attention to a healthy lifestyle: diet, quitting smoking and oral hygiene have a positive effect on biofilm and oral flora.

In summary

• Plaque/biofilm is normal — what matters is its composition.
• A healthy balance protects against inflammation and gum disease.
• Selective microbiome care protects beneficial bacteria and specifically targets harmful ones.
• Regular cleaning and gentle care are the key to healthy gums and a stable oral flora.

Did you know?

Without regular cleaning, plaque can form within a few hours. If ignored, it can turn into tartar – and tartar is one of the main causes of periodontitis.

Sources

• Hajishengallis G. et al., Nature Reviews Immunology, 2022
• Tonetti MS et al., Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 2018
• PerioTrap Pharmaceuticals GmbH – In-vitro study reports (Biofilm & Microbiome research)